The molecules that serve as blueprints for polypeptide synthesis are messenger RNAs (mRNAs). These molecules contain coded instructions, derived from DNA, that dictate the specific sequence of amino acids to be assembled into a protein. For example, an mRNA sequence reading “AUG” will signal the start of protein synthesis and specify the amino acid methionine. Subsequent triplets, or codons, each represent a specific amino acid or a stop signal, ultimately determining the structure of the final protein product.
The capacity of these molecules to direct protein synthesis is fundamental to all life. It underpins cellular structure, enzymatic activity, and virtually every biological process. Understanding the process by which genetic information is converted into functional proteins has revolutionized medicine, biotechnology, and our understanding of fundamental biology. Historical discoveries, such as the elucidation of the genetic code, have provided insights enabling the development of novel therapeutics and diagnostic tools.
