This crucial stage in protein synthesis follows initiation, where the ribosome assembles on the mRNA. During this stage, amino acids are sequentially added to the growing polypeptide chain, guided by the codons presented on the mRNA template. Each codon dictates which tRNA, carrying a specific amino acid, will bind to the ribosome. For instance, if the mRNA codon is “AUG,” a tRNA carrying methionine will bind, adding methionine to the nascent protein.
The accuracy and efficiency of this process are paramount for ensuring the proper function of proteins. Errors during this stage can lead to non-functional or even toxic proteins. This highly regulated process involves various elongation factors that facilitate tRNA binding, peptide bond formation, and ribosome translocation along the mRNA. Its efficiency is critical for cellular growth and function, and dysregulation can contribute to various diseases.
