Gene expression, the process by which genetic information is used to synthesize functional gene products, occurs in two major steps. The first step involves creating an RNA copy from a DNA template. This process synthesizes a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule that carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The second step is the actual synthesis of a protein based on the information encoded in the mRNA sequence. This involves ribosomes and transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain, following the mRNA’s instructions.
These two processes are fundamental to all living organisms and are essential for cell function and development. Understanding the mechanisms behind these processes is crucial for advancements in medicine, biotechnology, and other fields. Historically, deciphering these mechanisms has been a major focus of molecular biology research, leading to the development of various diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Further research has deepened the knowledge of how genes are regulated and how errors in these processes can lead to disease.
